How Chicana women artists have often used the figure of the Virgin of Guadalupe for political messages

In 1975, Chicano artist Amado M. Peña depicted police brutality by showing the bloodied head of 12-year-old Santos Rodriguez, whom Dallas police had shot for allegedly stealing $8 from a vending machine. The painting “Aquellos que han muerto,” translated as “Those who have died,” further listed the names of other Chicano youth killed by police.

Across the background, Peña included rows of skulls – a gesture that art historian E. Carmen…

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