As Baltic states face Russian hybrid aggression, our research shows what Europe can do

By Alex Hardy, Postdoctoral Research Associate, Communication and Media, University of Liverpool

EU defence ministers assembled in Brussels on September 28 to try to formulate a response to increasing Russian aggression in Europe. The talks focused on Russia’s strategy of hybrid warfare – that is, hostile acts that fall below the threshold of actual war.

These tend to include sabotage, disinformation, airspace violations, political interference and cyberwarfare. One part of Europe that has become familiar with these kinds of actions in recent years are the Baltic states…

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