Online attacks on Kenyan journalists: what makes audiences join in, push back or stay silent

By Kevin Mudavadi, Assistant Professor, Georgia State University
Bingbing Zhang, Assistant Professor of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Iowa
Gregory Gondwe, Assistant Professor - University of Alabama & Harvard BKC Faculty Associate, University of Alabama; California State University, San Bernardino; Harvard University
Shitemi Khamadi, PhD Student, Indiana University

Online harassment targeting journalists has escalated into a global crisis. Across digital public spheres, it threatens press freedom and individual safety.

In Kenya, this hostility often unfolds on social media platforms like X and Facebook, where journalists covering politically sensitive events face coordinated attacks. For instance, following critical coverage of state policies or public protests,…

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