Unprecedented heat in the North Atlantic Ocean kickstarted Europe’s hellish 2023 summer. Now we know what caused it

By Matthew England, Scientia Professor and Deputy Director of the ARC Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Science, UNSW Sydney
Alex Sen Gupta, Associate professor, Climate Change Research Centre, UNSW, UNSW Sydney
Andrew Kiss, Fellow, Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University
Zhi Li, Postdoctoral Research Associate, Centre for Marine Science & Innovation, UNSW Sydney

In June 2023, a record-breaking marine heatwave swept across the North Atlantic Ocean, smashing previous temperature records.

Soon after, deadly heatwaves broke out across large areas of Europe, and torrential rains and flash flooding devastated parts of Spain and Eastern Europe. That year Switzerland lost more than 4% of its total glacier volume, and severe bushfires broke out…

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